Keywords:

• systems approach
• system
• structure
• system effect
• system inputs and outputs
• "black box"

Variety of systems

The state of a complex, composite object is determined not only by the values ​​of its own attributes, but also by the states of the object-parts. For example, a car goes into braking state when the brake pedal is pressed.

An approach to describing a complex object, in which one not only names its component parts, but also considers their interaction and mutual influence, is usually called systematic approach. In this case, a complex object is called system, and its parts - components (elements) of the system.

Any real object is quite complex. Therefore, it can be considered as a system.

There are material, intangible and mixed systems. In turn, material systems are divided into natural and technical (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15

Examples of natural systems are well known to you: the solar system, a plant, a living organism, etc.

Technical systems are created by people. Examples of technical systems: car, computer, ventilation system.

Examples of intangible systems: spoken language, mathematical language, musical notation.

Mixed systems contain tangible and intangible components. Among them are the so-called social systems. Social systems are formed by people united by one occupation, interests, goals, place of residence, etc. Examples of social systems: orchestra, football club, city population.

Composition and structure of the system

Any system is determined not only by the set and characteristics of its elements, but also by the relationships between the elements. The same elements, depending on the relationships that unite them, can form systems with different properties. For example, a child assembles different structures from parts of the same construction set.

From the same set of products (meat, cabbage, potatoes, carrots, onions, tomatoes), mother can prepare the first (cabbage soup) or the second (stew) dish.

Diamond and graphite are made from molecules of the same chemical substance (carbon). But diamond is the hardest substance in nature, and graphite is soft, pencil leads are made from it. And all because in diamond the carbon molecules form a crystalline structure, while in graphite they form a layered structure.

Structure- this is the order of combining the elements that make up the system.

The composition and structure of a system is described using a composition diagram. The system may include another system. The first is called a supersystem, the second - a subsystem. The name of the supersystem on the composition diagram is always placed above the names of all its subsystems. In this case, we talk about a multi-level structure of the system, in which the same component can simultaneously be a supersystem and a subsystem. For example, the brain is a subsystem of the nervous system of a bird and a supersystem, which includes the forebrain, midbrain, etc. (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16

In many cases, the connection between objects is obvious, but it is not immediately clear as part of which supersystem they should be considered.

For example, the road surface wears out because cars, buses, trolleybuses and other ground vehicles travel around the city. Ground vehicles and roads are integral parts of a city's transport system.

The tree may die from insect pests if the number of birds decreases. Insects, birds, trees are components of the “Park” or “Forest” system (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17

The main property of any system is the emergence system effect. It lies in the fact that when elements are combined into a system, the system acquires new characteristics that none of the elements possessed separately.

As an example of a system, consider an airplane. Its main property is the ability to fly. None of its constituent parts individually (wings, fuselage, engines, etc.) possesses this property, but when assembled together in a strictly defined way, they provide this possibility. At the same time, if you remove any element from the “aircraft” system (for example, a wing), then not only this wing, but the entire aircraft will lose the ability to fly.

System and environment

Having isolated a certain system from the environment, we, as it were, draw a closed boundary around it, outside of which objects that are not included in the system remain. These objects influence the system. The system itself also has an impact on the environment. Therefore, they say that the system and the environment interact with each other. Wednesday

Rice. 18

If, for example, we consider the student body of one class as a system, then the rest of the school staff will belong to the environment of this system.

The influence of the environment on the system is called system inputs, and the impact of the system on the environment - system outputs. In Figure 18, these connections are depicted by arrows.

For example, a tree can be isolated from its environment as a system consisting of a root, trunk, branches and leaves. The inputs of this system are water, sunlight, carbon dioxide, minerals, etc. The outputs are oxygen, shade from the crown, wood, young shoots and much more (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19

For most real systems, the list of inputs and outputs is endless.

System as a “black box”

Very often a person does not know how the system he is dealing with works “inside”. It is much more important for a person to know what output results certain influences at the input of the system will lead to. In such cases, the system is said to be treated as a “black box”.

To present a system as a “black box” means to indicate its inputs and outputs, as well as the dependencies between them. This description allows for targeted use of this system. For example, any instructions for users of complex household appliances are descriptions of a “black box”. They explain what needs to be done at the input (turn on, press, turn, etc.) in order to achieve a certain result at the output (wash clothes, get fruit juice, perform calculations, etc.). However, what happens “inside” is not explained.

The state of a complex, composite object is determined not only by the values ​​of its own attributes, but also by the states of the object-parts. For example, a car goes into braking state when the brake pedal is pressed.

This approach to describing a complex object, in which one not only names its component parts, but also considers their interaction and mutual influence, is usually called systematic approach.

A system is a whole consisting of parts that are interconnected. The parts that make up a system are called its elements.

Any real object is infinitely complex. Therefore, it can be considered as a system.

Distinguish tangible, intangible and mixed systems. In turn, material systems are divided into natural and technical.

Examples of natural systems are well known to you: solar system, plant, living organism And so on.

Technical systems are created by people. Examples of technical systems: car, computer, ventilation system.

Examples of intangible systems: spoken language, mathematical language, musical notation.

Mixed systems contain tangible and intangible components. Among them are the so-called social systems. Social systems are formed by people united by one occupation, interests, goals, place of residence, etc. Examples of social systems: orchestra, football club, city population.

Any system is determined not only by the set and characteristics of its elements, but also by the relationships between the elements.

The same elements, depending on the relationships that unite them, can form systems with different properties.

For example, a child assembles different structures from parts of the same construction set.

From the same set of products (meat, cabbage, potatoes, carrots, onions, tomatoes) you can prepare the first (cabbage soup) or second (stew) dish.

Diamond and graphite are made from the same chemical molecule (carbon). But diamond is the hardest substance in nature, and graphite is soft, pencil leads are made from it. And all because in diamond the carbon molecules form a crystalline structure, while in graphite they form a layered structure.

Structure is the order in which the elements that make up a system are combined.

Pay attention!

The composition and structure of a system is described using a composition diagram. The system may include another system. The first is called a supersystem, the second - a subsystem.

The name of the supersystem on the composition diagram is always placed above the names of all its subsystems. In this case, we talk about a multi-level structure of the system, in which the same component can simultaneously be a supersystem and a subsystem. For example, the brain is a subsystem of the nervous system of a bird and a supersystem, which includes the forebrain, midbrain, etc.

In many cases, the connection between objects is obvious, but it is not immediately clear as part of which supersystem they should be considered.

For example, it is clear that the road surface wears out due to the fact that cars, buses, trolleybuses and other ground vehicles drive around the city. Ground vehicles and roads are integral parts of a city's transport system.

59. Match.

60. Fill out the table, highlighting the subsystems in the following systems.

61. Complete the table by identifying supersystems for the following systems.

62. Come up with a system that has the following structure:

63. Consider each of the following objects as a system interacting with its environment. Describe the inputs and outputs of this system.

64. Some internal processes take place in every system, which may or may not be known to humans. A person may not know how the system is structured “inside”, but understand what output results certain input influences will lead to. In such cases, the system is said to be treated as a “black box”.
For each situation, identify the system it is about. Note situations in which systems may be perceived as a black box.

65. An automatic device has one input. You can feed natural numbers or sequences of symbols to it and observe the result at the output. Using the observation table, determine the type of input data and the rule by which they are converted.

67. Solve the crossword puzzle “Systems of objects.”

68. There are five people in a family: husband, wife, their son, husband’s sister and wife’s father. Their professions are engineer, lawyer, mechanic, teacher and economist. It is known that the lawyer and the teacher are not blood relatives. The mechanic is younger than the economist, and both play football for the national team of their factory. The engineer is younger than the teacher, but older than his brother's wife. Name each person's profession.
Only one family member has a brother – her husband’s sister. Therefore, my husband's sister is an engineer. Regarding the wife, we can immediately say that she is not a mechanic or an economist. Thus, she is left with a choice of two professions: she is either a teacher or a lawyer. We know that the lawyer and the teacher are not blood relatives. And since the wife is certainly part of this couple, then her blood relatives - father and son - cannot be the second member of this couple. It follows that a lawyer and a teacher are husband and wife. True, we still cannot say who has what profession. An analysis of the fact will help eliminate this uncertainty: “The engineer is older than his brother’s wife, but younger than the teacher.” With this in mind, we can conclude that the wife is not a teacher. Therefore, she is a lawyer and her husband is a teacher. It remains to find out the family relationship between the mechanic and the economist. Since one of them is the grandfather of the other, the economist is the wife’s father, and the mechanic is the son.